Parkia biglobosa—a Tree of Food and Medicinal Values: Domesticate Them or Disappear

Abstract

Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean) is a culturally and nutritionally important tree species in West African agroforestry systems. Its fermented seeds (soumbala, dawadawa, iru) constitute a cornerstone protein condiment, while its pulp, bark, leaves, and pods provide food and traditional medicine. Despite its significance, P. biglobosa faces threats from land-use change, overexploitation, fire, grazing, and climate stress. Natural regeneration is poor, and domestication efforts remain limited, raising concern over its long-term survival. This review synthesizes current evidence on ethnobotany, nutritional composition, phytochemistry, pharmacology, ecology, and socio-economic importance. It also evaluates threats and outlines domestication pathways to secure both conservation and sustainable utilization. We argue that domestication, through farmer-led selection, propagation, pollinator-smart orchard management, and gender-equitable value-chain upgrading, offers the most viable strategy for future resilience. Without deliberate intervention, P. biglobosa risks gradual decline in populations and erosion of cultural heritage. With coordinated action, it can remain a pillar for food security, health, and livelihoods in West Africa.